1a, Electricity followed by Fresh wheat, corn, rice, and other grains remain in the top two places, but Cattle ranches and feedlots has moved into the third place. EPA/600/R-19/092 https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=347251 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2019). 21. where lc is the column representing the commodity of interest from the L matrix, and dn is the transposed row representing the indicator of interest from the D matrix. 9. v2 models represent a second generation of USEEIO models built using an improved technical infrastructure9. https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&type=metadata&series=EN.ATM.CO2E.PC# (2021). This section describes data sources, algorithms for model construction, novel methodologies and software procedures used in the construction of USEEIO v2.0. Single sources of data for a given flow are generally insufficient for providing environmental and economic performance at the level of resolution required for v2.0s 400+ industries, and therefore modeling is required to attribute or allocate environmental data from often multiple raw sources to this level of industry resolution. For v2.0, the Sector Crosswalk is built based on 2012 BEA and NAICS codes and includes 2007 NAICS codes according to the 2012 NAICS to 2007 NAICS concordance by Census Bureau23. Many environmental and employment data sources are available to characterize US industries at the needed level of detail for more recent years. https://pasteur.epa.gov/uploads/10.23719/1365565/documents/USEEIOv1.1-DescriptionofSatelliteTableUpdates.pdf (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2017). For MRNL, the only notable changes in the use intensity are the decrease in Dimensional stone and increase in Sand, gravel, clay This can be explained by an error in allocation of the Sand/gravel flows to Dimensional stone rather than to Sand, gravel, clayin v1.2 and prior versions. With the flow coefficient matrix B and the total requirements matrix L, the matrix M which contains the direct and indirect flow coefficients can be calculated with Eq. While not part of the interindustry transactions, these sectors are somewhat analogous to commodities, and are represented as rows for each industry in the Use table. 1. Emissions from purchased goods and services and capital goods represent a significant emissions source for many organizations. Fedelemflowlist v1.0.8. The GHG Emission Factors Hub provides factors for several scope 3 categories and indicates the calculation methods with which the factors align. In flowsa, source classification codes are used to allocation emissions to one or more NAICS through activity-to-sector mapping files. In Eq. Note that normalized Make table transactions are unchanged. 11:30-12:15. In agricultural sectors, the consumption of other agricultural commodities are the primary drivers of SMOG. Emissions Factors 2022 is now available. Article In general, the final demand in the BEA Use table can be grouped into the following categories: yg=federal, state and local government consumption. In v1.2, withdrawals were calculated for 37 crops published in the 2008 USDA Irrigation and Water Management Survey (IWMS). This article references the work completed to create the Pathzero US EEIO emissions multipliers used in the Pathzero platform. These data are difficult to obtain given the scarcity in publicly available waste management pricing data, the level of aggregation of the waste management sectors, and the differences in prices and materials used by each waste management activity. Many organizations quantify greenhouse emissions in their value chain. All the indicator datasets were produced by the LCIA formatter v1.0.162,63, which like the environmental and employment data had been harmonized with the FEDEFL. The Make table columns represent which commodities are produced by different industries. Following this mapping, each satellite table is assessed to ensure that no environmental flows were lost during the transformation. In the case of the new waste commodity and industry totals, they summed to within 1% of the Waste and Remediation commodity and industry totals in the 2012 BEA Detail Make and Use tables. 11:25-11:30. USEEIO v2.0 was built in useeior v1.0.061. https://echo.epa.gov/trends/loading-tool/water-pollution-search (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2018). U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) https://doi.org/10.23719/1524318 (2021). ISSN 2052-4463 (online). This decrease is likely a result of fuel source changes in the electricity production over this period69. Direct releases from this industry remain fairly consistent from the prior model. Model validation and output writing are also performed in simple statements. In v1 models, the direct and total requirements were determined from analysis to be adequate in representation of 2013 conditions (see SI1 from Yang et al. USEEIO v2.0 is an environmental-economic model of US goods and services that can be used for life cycle assessment, footprinting, national prioritization, and related applications. USEEIO was used by Climate Earth to calculate emissions associated with most purchased goods and services as part of Merck's annual corporate responsibility report. In v2.0, these land use categories are allocated to sectors using BLS employment data43. However, Fig. Where a 5-digit NAICS contains only a single 6-digit child NAICS (e.g., 56291), flows are automatically assigned to that sector. EPA/600/R-20/001). Any of these matrices, used together with its respective domestic matrix, can be used to divide the values between those occurring in the US and those in the rest of the world, by taking the difference of a result with the domestic model and the full model, as in Eq. Abstract and Figures. 26. where HRoW is the contribution from Rest of World, and Hd is the contribution from the US. Licensing. Although these emissions are not under the organizations control, the organization may be able to affect the activities that result in the emissions. USEEIO Model Overview and EEIO Primer. 28, 99118, https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.28.2.99 (2014). This paper presents a summary of the complete v2.0 model attributes and model creation with a focus on describing methodological updates since the publication of the original USEEIO methodology. Environmentally extended input-output (EEIO) models have been developed to evaluate the linkages between economic activities and environmental impacts as well as the embodied emissions in goods and . A model configuration file was first created to define all the model input data and characteristics. Ingwersen, W.W., Li, M., Young, B. et al. It may also yield insights into changes in US industry environmental performance that may be of interest to users that have used a v1 model either directly or via an interface like the SMM Prioritization Tools. Official websites use .gov Mineral commodity summary 2014. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/prd-wret/assets/palladium/production/mineral-pubs/mcs/mcs2014.pdf (U.S. Geological Survey, 2014). It is assumed that local governments do not perform hazardous waste disposal, site remediation, or other waste disposal functions to a significant degree. Report No. For v2.0, national totals by sector are modeled by NAICS 6-digit codes. Increase in emissions for landscaping services. Ec is obtained from Ei by multiplying its transpose by the commodity mix matrix, Cm, and transposing the result. Overview of Access Formats/Outlets. These values are included in the WasteDisaggregation_Make sheet of the primary data record, in the Make table intersection rows. RCRAInfo data are available by 5- and 6-digit NAICS codes, which map to the disaggregated sectors as shown in Table6. The breakdown of these data into the records given in Table2 is not identical to that given in Table1 of the original USEEIO description2, but all these data are aggregated during model construction (see Model Construction section), and therefore the breakdown just describes the form of these data as they are originally processed and imported. Report No. On a Procurement Emissions Factor Set Item record, Sam sets the Economic Sector Category code that helps recognize the economic sector and GHG category combination, and the EEIO specified emissions factor that converts the dollars spent into tCOe. Crop Irrigation water withdrawals are allocated proportionally using water use by crop type. The variation between v1.2 and v2.0 employment impact intensities are due to changes in data year and source. Water withdrawal impact intensity differences are attributed to allocation methodology changes for the irrigation, mining, and industrial USGS water use categories. v2.0 relies on the BLS QCEW data for the employment satellite table to maintain a consistent employment data source throughout all environmental accounts, as BLS QCEW is used as an allocation source. Emissions factors The emissions factors can be collected from: - Emissions sourced direct from suppliers based on the specific goods and services used. https://www.eia.gov/consumption/manufacturing/data/2010/ (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2013). U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) https://doi.org/10.23719/1368541 (2017). 2016 emissions factors, which is the most recent data set available from the EPA EEIO database. Using research and expertise from staff to guide us, we are committed to improving WRI's environmental performance. U.S. Geological Survey. EIA manufacturing land area is considered part of the urban land total rather than a stand-alone industrial area category. The disaggregation of the Waste Sector introduced changes to the economic transactions present in the 2012 BEA Detail Make and Use Tables that is used as the basis of the USEEIO model. State and local government other services (GSLO): the 562000 commodity produced by this sector is split between the Solid waste collection, Solid waste landfill, Solid waste combustors and incinerators, and Material separation/recovery sectors (562111, 562212, 562213, and 562920). ipcc-efdb@iges.or.jp. To calculate emissions, estimate the lifetime electricity consumption (in kWh) for all products sold in the reporting year. 2-6 digit 2012 NAICS Code File. Environmentally-extended input-output (EEIO) analysis provides a simple and robust method for evaluating the linkages between economic consumption activities and . Internet Explorer). USEEIO v2.0, or referred to solely as v2.0, is the latest edition of the US Environmentally-Extended Input-Output (USEEIO) model for assessing a full suite of potential life cycle impacts of US. To assist in quantifying these emissions, we have developed a comprehensive set of supply chain emission factors covering all categories of goods and services in the US economy. For the disaggregated waste management sectors, these rows represent the use of the disaggregated waste management service commodities by industries. Therefore, selecting the correct project type is pivotal. How are emission factors developed? This ensures that, for example, pesticide releases to air are not duplicated in both the Criteria and Hazardous air pollutant satellite table and the pesticide satellite table. Each demand vector was derived from the BEA Detail 2012 Use table. The most common sources listed in the table are: To apply the EF Hub scope 1 and 2 factors, the organization can first define the GHG generating activity for each relevant source category, then apply the appropriate factors for stationary combustion, mobile combustion, fugitive emissions, electricity, heat, or steam. & Ingwersen, W. National land occupation totals by industry 2012 v1.1. Coverage of these data used in v2.0 is equivalent to that from v1.2 as seen in Table2. The operator is used for elementwise multiplication in contrast with no symbol between adjacent matrices or vectors which denotes a matrix multiplication. Thus, whatever is not explicitly allocated to 562112, Hazardous waste collection, is assumed to go to Solid waste collection, 562111. This dataset tracks the monetary receipts by the different waste management subsectors that broadly correspond to the disaggregated sectors being introduced to the v2.0 model. MerckCorporate Responsibility Report This data is more complete than the flows reported by hazardous waste shippers, and so is preferred for the waste disaggregation. More organizations are reaching into their value chains to understand the full GHG impact of their operations. Mercury emissions to air drive the increase seen in Cement (9% contribution to HTOX), that arenot due to change in emissions, but rather toxicity characterization that was not present in v1.2. https://www.bea.gov/resources/methodologies/concepts-methods-io-accounts (U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2009). The overall consistency in the impact intensities and rankings between v2.0 and v1.2 confirms relative consistency and robustness in the model with some changes that can be explained based on input data changes or methodological improvements. There are few notable changes in intensity of CRHW in v2.0. Understanding the consumption-based accounting (CBA), production-based accounting (PBA), and emissions embodied in trade is an important prerequisite for designing climate mitigation policies. Only two categories use a specific method (e.g., supplier-specific method, fuel-based method) in year one and seven in year five. This can be performed by subtracting the import matrix, Um from the Use matrix to estimate a domestic Use table, Ud, as in Eq. The report states that a critical contribution is the development of a waste input-output model designed to capture the material inputs (production sectors like mining, energy, materials, parts and products) and outputs (waste and material separation and reprocessing, of products, services and wastes). Emissions are assigned to industries based on the NAICS reported by each facility to the dataset. The original relation between the environmental data in the form of national totals by industry, E, and the model economic data uses the model industry output, as described in Eq. This check is performed by using Eq. Find Current Versionsand Other Technical Resources, Case Studies & Examples: Supporting EPA's Mission, Case Studies & Examples: Supporting Federal Agency and Community Partners, Current Versions and Technical Information, Sustainable Materials Management Prioritization Tools, Recycling Economic Information (REI) Project, https://www.epa.gov/smm/2016-recycling-economic-information-rei-report-and-methodology, Supply Chain Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for U.S. Industries and Commodities, Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program and the Environmental Security Technology Certification Program. L, the Leontief inverse, or the total requirements matrix, is obtained from A, using Eq. Other basic organic chemicals leapt 6 places, while Truck transport fell 7 places. Users should be aware of the limitations of using the Rest of World results. Prod. SMOG impacts are driven by emissions of NO2 and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). led software development for useeior, developed the crosswalk methodology and wrote the associated section of the manuscript, curated all economic input data, performed model validation, and visualized the results. US Territories and Tribal Lands are not included. If heat content is available from the fuel supplier, it is preferable to use that value. Supply Chain Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for US Industries and Commodities. For the Waste management and remediation services sector, additional data for the specific flows in the GHG satellite table was assigned using an input file, as specified in the WasteDisaggregation_Env sheet of the primary data record. 56299: All 6-digit NAICS codes under the 5 digit 56299 code are assigned to 562OTH in the USEEIO classification. Birney, C., Conner, M., Specht, J. The original Mining attribution version calculated results using process and employment-based factors published by Blackhurst et al.53. 28 is a slightly modified form of the model result calculation using the direct perspective. Researchers at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), with support of theDepartment of Energys Bioenergy Technology Office (BETO), are using USEEIO as a key resource for the development of their Bio-Economy Input-Output Model. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Also, change in inventories, y, is positive for commodities produced but not sold, and negative for commodities consumed from a previous years production. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/2014_smmfactsheet_508.pdf (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2016). The literature assessing the environmental impacts of household consumption is mostly focused on developed economies, thus, leaving a critical gap when it comes to assessing the impacts of household consumption and of related environmental policies in developing countries . 19. L is in commodity x commodity form and represents the total inputs of commodities (rows) used to make a commodity (columns). 18, but use the N matrix in place of M, as shown in Eq. A main assumption in the disaggregation of waste management sectors is that the receivers of waste flows are being paid for waste treatment. The relative contribution, rc of a flow, f, to an impact intensity coefficient from N for a given indicator, n, can be calculated using Eq. In the original analysis, BLM hard rock leases and EIA MECS relied on BEA employee compensation for granular allocation. New for v2.0 is the use of a standard flow list for representing elementary flows, or raw materials from or returning to the technosphere. Report No. Water data for the nation 2015. https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis (U.S. Geological Survey, 2018). https://www.eia.gov/consumption/manufacturing/data/2010/ (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2017). Interventions for improved emissions tracking include 1) mapping institutional purchasing account systems by groupings that match or correspond to EEIO emissions factors (e.g., NAICS, UNSPSC); 2) encouraging use of M-Marketsite and incorporating more detailed reporting of purchases when using P-Cards; and 3) updating the mapping of emissions . The Sector Crosswalk can be used to identify a NAICS code associated with a USEEIO code, and tools like the Census NAICS code search75 can be used to identify NAICS codes associated with the purchase. The 562000 commodity represents over 97% of the industrys total output. State and local general government is split into education and other services in the 2012 IO tables, resulting in a fall in ranking but occupying two spots in the top 20. Purchaser price reflects the producers price plus sale and transportation margins11. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-07/documents/nei2014v2_tsd_05jul2018.pdf (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2018). New procedures for preparing and integrating these datasets into the model are described in the Procedure for Model Building section. All the economic input data (Table1) are retrieved using scripts in useeior and saved in the package along with selected indicators not from LCIA formatter (jobs, value added, and waste indicators, Table3), commodity names, data inputs to the Sector Crosswalk, and model metadata files. The direct+indirect impacts are calculated like in Eq. The resulting EEIO emissions factors can be used to estimate GHG emissions for a given industry or product category. Land occupation is allocated to industrial sectors using the USDAs Major Uses of Land in the United States 2012 report (MLU), accounting for total US land area through twelve use categories36. Clean. The original environmental and employment data were all produced by from flowsa v1.0.126, whereas environmental datasets originally created for v1 USEEIO models5,7 were mapped and reformatted. 23 is used for y. The environmental datasets not updated since v1.2 include the Commercial non-hazardous waste excluding construction activities, Commercial non-hazardous waste from construction activities, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Releases from Agriculture, Pesticide releases, Mineral extraction, and Energy extraction (Table2). Then, the imports, yi, are subtracted from the final demand in the original Use table, to get domestic final demand, yd, as in Eq. Producer price is the price of a commodity reflecting an industrys cost to produce it including commodity taxes11. Red text indicates an update from the 2018 version of this document. Estimating industry land use with the MLU as the primary data source is an update from v1.2, where land use was calculated by summing USDA CoA, Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Public Land Statistics (PLS), EIA Commercial (CBECS), and EIA Manufacturing (MECS) land use with the MLUs statistics for forest land, transportation, national defense, and grazing land38,39,40,41,42. Environmental flows are transformed from source data schema, typically NAICS 2012 codes, to USEEIO schema (e.g. & Birney, C. useeior. The model is available as the National Employment Totals By Industry 2017 v1.1 dataset59. The Recycling Economic Information (REI) Report, a primary output of the Recycling Economic Information (REI) Projectrelieson environmental and economic input-output methodologies for estimating environmental and economic impacts associated with recycling. (Cambridge University Press, 2009). Table7 lists the original data records produced for v2.0, along with their associated use in the model. Point source releases to air reflect facility reported releases in these datasets and include both criteria and toxic air pollutants. Quarterly census of employment and wages 2015. https://www.bls.gov/cew/downloadable-data-files.htm (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2020). As for the second problem, each BEA-NAICS correspondence is extended to all related NAICS codes based on a Census-released 26 digit NAICS Code table25. 20095041 https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095041 (U.S. Geological Survey, 2009). https://www2.calrecycle.ca.gov/WasteCharacterization/PubExtracts/2014/GenSummary.pdf (Calrecycle, 2015). For the disaggregation procedure, we assume that each disaggregated industry only produces its own disaggregated commodity; in other words, there is no off-diagonal production of waste management services in the intersection. Break-out sessions by USEEIO format. Sci Data 9, 194 (2022). Bigelow, D. & Borchers, A. Revised methods for particulate matter estimates in the NEI were implemented since 2011, the data year used in v1.1, that better account for emissions of dust from livestock31. 3. flowsa v1.0.126 was used for preparation of all original environmental inputs. The mineral extraction data driving the MRNL impacts was not updated in v2.0.