The Trans-Atlantic slave trade brought people to North America, Central America and South America including the Caribbean. This led the authors to suggest that E-V38 may have originated in East Africa. Zidane was named the best European footballer of the past 50 years in the UEFA Golden Jubilee Poll. The making of the African mtDNA landscape. As a consequence, this study makes an important contribution to filling the gap. 194, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 11:37, Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups, Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world, Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa, "The peopling of the last Green Sahara revealed by high-coverage resequencing of trans-Saharan patrilineages", "Phylogeographic Refinement and Large Scale Genotyping of Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E Provide New Insights into the Dispersal of Early Pastoralists in the African Continent", "Whole-Genome-Sequence-Based Haplotypes Reveal Single Origin of the Sickle Allele during the Holocene Wet Phase", "A new topology of the human Y chromosome haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) revealed through the use of newly characterized binary polymorphisms", "Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its Subclades 2010", "Y-chromosomal diversity in the population of Guinea-Bissau: a multiethnic perspective", "Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes", "The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations", "Ancient genomes reveal complex patterns of population movement, interaction, and replacement in sub-Saharan Africa", "Supplementary Materials for Ancient genomes reveal complex patterns of population movement, interaction, and replacement in sub-Saharan Africa", "Revisiting the harem conspiracy and death of Ramesses III: anthropological, forensic, radiological, and genetic study", "Insights from ancient DNA analysis of Egyptian human mummies: clues to disease and kinship", "Ancient DNA reveals a multistep spread of the first herders into sub-Saharan Africa", "Supplementary Materials for Ancient DNA reveals a multistep spread of the first herders into sub-Saharan Africa", "Origin and Health Status of First-Generation Africans from Early Colonial Mexico", "Disentangling the Impact of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in African Diaspora Populations from a Genomic Perspective", "Multidisciplinary investigation reveals an individual of West African origin buried in a Portuguese Mesolithic shell midden four centuries ago", "Supplementary Materials for The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years", "The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years, TablesS1-S5", "Materials/Methods, Supplementary Text, Tables, Figures, and/or References", "Community-engaged ancient DNA project reveals diverse origins of 18th-century African descendants in Charleston, South Carolina", "Evolutionary history of sickle-cell mutation: implications for global genetic medicine", "Recent Adaptive Acquisition by African Rainforest Hunter-Gatherers of the Late Pleistocene Sickle-Cell Mutation Suggests Past Differences in Malaria Exposure", "Sickle -globin haplotypes among patients with sickle cell anemia in Basra, Iraq: A cross-sectional study", "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations", "A back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa is supported by high-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome haplotypes", "Ethiopians and Khoisan share the deepest clades of the human Y-chromosome phylogeny", "Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel", "Genetic diversity on the Comoros Islands shows early seafaring as major determinant of human biocultural evolution in the Western Indian Ocean", "On the origins and admixture of Malagasy: new evidence from high-resolution analyses of paternal and maternal lineages", "High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males", "High-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula", "Phylogeographic analysis of haplogroup E3b (E-M215) y chromosomes reveals multiple migratory events within and out of Africa", "Ancestral Asian source(s) of new world Y-chromosome founder haplotypes", "A predominantly neolithic origin for Y-chromosomal DNA variation in North Africa", "Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography", "The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula", "Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions", "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman", "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan", "Sub-populations within the major European and African derived haplogroups R1b3 and E3a are differentiated by previously phylogenetically undefined Y-SNPs", "Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba", "Colloquium paper: genome-wide patterns of population structure and admixture among Hispanic/Latino populations", "Y-chromosomal variation in sub-Saharan Africa: insights into the history of Niger-Congo groups", "Little genetic differentiation as assessed by uniparental markers in the presence of substantial language variation in peoples of the Cross River region of Nigeria", "Development of a single base extension method to resolve Y chromosome haplogroups in sub-Saharan African populations", "A map of human genome variation from population-scale sequencing", "The imprint of the Slave Trade in an African American population: mitochondrial DNA, Y chromosome and HTLV-1 analysis in the Noir Marron of French Guiana", "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree", "A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania", "Hierarchical Patterns of Global Human Y-Chromosome Diversity", "Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages", "Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes", "Y-Chromosome Evidence for a Northward Migration of Modern Humans into Eastern Asia during the Last Ice Age", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_E-M2&oldid=1139298274, M2, DYS271/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189.1, P293.1, This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 11:37. Yes, I'm aware of Ramesses III belonging to Haplogroup E1b1a, but additional genetic testing suggest that the remains may indeed belong to y-dna haplogroup E1b1b[citation needed] which split from E1b1a about 40-50 thousand years ago, and tends to be common in the Levant, Northern Africa, and the Rift valley region in modern times. They were supposedly descended from John Wright (1488-1551), of Kelvedon Hall, Essex, England, which allowed the Wright Surname DNA Project to isolate their paternal lineage based on the matching haplotypes of over 20 participants descending from that lineage. or even E1b1a(not to mention all the mtDNA L lineages found as well). Southern Neolithic route brought Megaliths from the Levant to Western Europe, Y-DNA samples tested from Neolithic Europe. The first would be the Bronze Age Italic tribes from Central Europe, who in all logic would have possessed at least some E-V13 lineages before they invaded the Italian peninsula. The most prominent member is probably John C. Calhoun (17821850), who was the seventh Vice President of the United States. to suggest that E-M2 may have originated in East Africa. [15] It was impossible to determine his cause of death. E1b1a2 E1b1a2 is defined by the SNP mutation M329. Cereal farming may therefore trace its roots (literally) to the E1b1b tribes of the Mesolithic Levant. . A combination of UEPs and STRs in the paternally inherited NRY was typed in eight Congolese groups (n=591). Distribution of haplogroup E1b1b in Europe, the Near East and North Africa. E-M34 is the main Middle Eastern variety of E1b1b and is thought to have arrived with the Proto-Semitic people in the Late Copper to Early Bronze Age. Napoleon I had previously been identified by Lucotte's team as a member of mtDNA haplogroup H. The acclaimed theoretical physicist Albert Einstein is presumed to have belonged to Y-haplogroup E-Z830 based on the results from a patrilineal descendant of Naphtali Hirsch Einstein, Albert Einstein's great-grand-father. The descendants of L791, Y2947 and Y4971, only appeared around 3500 BCE, during the Late Neolithic or Chalcolithic period. We note that the phenomenon of surfing can explain the absence of an allele in only some groups that are the consequence of range expansion.48, 49 However ,unless the allele (in this case NRY belonging to haplogroup E1b1a8a1a) became extinct early in the western route expansion (which is, in effect, the same as not having been part of that expansion), there is no reason to suppose that extinction of the haplogroup in western route groups (Guthrie classification H, B and C) was more likely than in eastern groups (Guthrie classification N and P). Since then, this marker (now defining the E1b1a haplogroup) has been typed in many groups across sub-Saharan Africa19, 26, 27, 28 and, without exception, all studies have shown that the majority of NRY types in Bantu-speaking groups belong to this haplogroup. "We must make it very clear that the paternal Israelite lineage E1B1A is the most important lineage of the Israelites but we can include the maternal haplogroups of L2 and L3. [9] Brucato et al. Peaks among the Saho Saho . It has been hypothesized that E1b1a, including its subbranch E1b1a7 (defined by M191, and not tested in the present study), arose in west Central Africa and was later taken southward through a demic expansion ( Cruciani et al. Ann Hum Genet 2001; 65: 439458. Sir David Attenborough (b. 2018). There is clearly a radiation from the Greece (where E-V13 makes up approximately 30% of the paternal lineages) to the East Mediterranean (where the frequency drops to under 5%). Gurdeep Matharu Lall, Maarten H. D. Larmuseau, Mark A. Jobling, Sandra Oliveira, Alexander Hbner, Jorge Rocha, Daniel E. Platt, Hovig Artinian, Pierre Zalloua, Mugdha Singh, Anujit Sarkar & Madhusudan R. Nandineni, Hovhannes Sahakyan, Ashot Margaryan, Richard Villems, Enrico Macholdt, Leonardo Arias, Mark Stoneking, Kenneth K. Kidd, Baigalmaa Evsanaa, Andrew J. Pakstis, Veronika Csky, Dniel Gerber, Anna Szcsnyi-Nagy, European Journal of Human Genetics Veeramah et al. and (b) If so, did those expansions take different routes? and JavaScript. Google Scholar. [29], E-M2's frequency and diversity are highest in West Africa. Outside Europe, E1b1b is found at high frequencies in Morocco (over 80%), Somalia (80%), Ethiopia (40% to 80%), Tunisia (70%), Algeria (60%), Egypt (40%), Jordan (25%), Palestine (20%), and Lebanon (17.5%). More research is needed. Edmonds CA, Lillie AS, Cavalli-Sforza LL : Mutations arising in the wave front of an expanding population. [30][38] However, the discovery in 2011 of the E-M2 marker that predates E-M2 has led Trombetta et al. F1382 appears to have expanded during the Iron Age from the Levant to the Arabian peninsula, where it is almost exclusively found today. [21], In Granada, a Muslim (Moor) of the Cordoba Caliphate,[22] who was of haplogroups E1b1a1 and H1+16189,[23][24] as well as estimated to date between 900 CE and 1000 CE, and a Morisco,[22] who was of haplogroup L2e1,[23][24] as well as estimated to date between 1500 CE and 1600 CE, were both found to be of West African (i.e., Gambian) and Iberian descent. In either case, it is likely that more M81 came into the Iberian peninsula during the Moorish period, when the Maghrebian Arabs conquered most of what is now Spain and Portugal, where they remained for over 700 years. Pereira L, Gusmao L, Alves C et al. E1b1a1a1f is defined by L485. Last update February 2023 (famous members). Coelho M, Sequeira F, Luiselli D, Beleza S, Rocha J : On the edge of Bantu expansions: mtDNA, Y chromosome and lactase persistence genetic variation in southwestern Angola. E-M34 lineages experienced a much more dramatic expansion during the Chalcolithic (Copper Age) period. Attempts were made to identify genetic relationships among EBSP groups in the context of Africa as a whole10, 11 (also see Supplementary Figure S112). Early genetic studies of Bantu-speaking people were based on classical gene frequency data. His DNA was compared to modern carriers of the same surname. The Wright Brothers, the inventors of the world's first successful airplane, belonged to haplogroup E-V13 (S7461 subclade). To obtain M81 would first have spread with the Carthaginian elite, then once they were defeated by the Romans and annexed to the empire, their descendants would have been free to migrate to various parts of the empire from North Africa, Sicily, Sardinia and Iberia, some eventually reaching France and Britain. The biggest genetic impact of the Romans/Italians outside of Italy appears to have been in Gaul (modern France, Belgium, southern Germany and Switzerland), probably because this was the closest region to Italy using the well-developed Roman road network (actually inherited from the Gauls themselves). [25] Jode was of Sub-Saharan African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS4975 and L2a1a2c. E-U175 and E-L485) of E1b1a evolved. The original Phoenician M81 in the Levant could also have diffused across the Eastern Mediterranean over the centuries, during the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods. In whichever scenario, it is clear that M81 benefited from a potent founder effect in the Maghreb, a region that was first dominated by the Carthaginian elite, but quickly became one of the favourite regions of residence for the Roman elite within the empire (along with Spain, France and Greece). Google Scholar. E1b1a and E1b1b-V22 tend to have lower values for this STR compared to other E1b1b haplogroups, but still the reported value is very rare in any of these haplogroups, and it looks like another suspicious STR value. Roewer L, Kayser M, de Knijff P et al. Samples in the Congolese data set have been divided into three pie charts representing Bantu H, B and C speakers. View Profile View Forum Posts . [13][14], Hawass et al. The Fishers exact test was also performed in the R environment. Of the possible 17 haplogroups, 12 were observed in the complete data set with haplogroup E1b1a modal (0.847, range in population groups 0.3890.957), both overall and in every sub-Saharan African group. [25] Wuta was of Sub-Saharan African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS7305 and L3e2b+152. As for E1a (the parent of E1b1b and E1b1a), it seems to have never left Africa at all. The control region of the mtDNA sequence, due to its high mutation rate, has been extensively used in examining the impact of EBSP on the genetic landscape of sub-Saharan Africa.5, 17, 18, 19 It has been postulated that some mtDNA haplogroups (eg, L3b, L3e and L2a), based on their distribution in sub-Saharan Africa, are associated with the EBSP, whereas the presence of haplogroup L1c at high frequency in some populations on the western route is thought to be the result of assimilation of local female hunter gatherers.17 It has been suggested that because agriculturist men are more likely to marry local women rather than vice versa,15, 16 the maternal genetic profile of Bantu-speaking groups is marked by considerable diversity. Searching for the roots of the first free African American community, Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup L3 basal lineages migrated back to Africa from Asia around 70,000 years ago, The peopling of the last Green Sahara revealed by high-coverage resequencing of trans-Saharan patrilineages. The Bantu expansion revisited: a new analysis of Y chromosome variation in Central Western Africa. Ethiopia/Sudan, and the Levant. What is surprising with E-V13 is that it is as common in R1a-dominant as in R1b-dominant countries. Haplogroup E1b1b (formerly known as E3b) represents the last major direct migration from Africa into Europe. It would then have spread to Greece and Italy alongside haplogroup J2a1 and T1a-P77. Bantu and European Y-lineages in sub-Saharan Africa. PubMed Central Brief thoughts on the likelihood of finding samples of E1b1a in the Levant._____SOURCES:[0:46] The relevant FaceBook thread:https://www.facebook.com/gr. The earliest known prehistoric sample to date is an E-V13 from Catalonia dating from 5000 BCE. Approximately 20% of Ashkenazi Jews belong to haplogroup E1b1b. He belonged to the subclade E-M34. Diversity (h) of E1b1a was calculated at the five component-haplogroup level ranged from 0.379 to 0.753, excluding the Anuak (h=0). E1b1b lineages are closely linked to the diffusion of Afroasiatic languages. The TMRCA for each haplogroup-defining UEP (with at least 20 chromosomes) is presented in Table 3 along with regions and countries within which each haplogroup was observed. The American actor and producer Nicolas Cage (born 1964),has been found to belong to haplogroup E1b1b-M84. [25] Kuto was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS2198 and L2a1a2. E-M123 originated some 19,000 years ago, during the last Ice Age Its place of origin is uncertain, but it was probably in the Red Sea region, somewhere between the southern Levant and Ethiopia. [25] Daba was of West African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-M4273 and L2c. It is also suggested that although the Bantu-speaking agriculturists may have replaced, to a substantial extent, hunter gatherers in their path, they have also, in some places, co-existed and interbred with the original inhabitants.2. 12-05-14, 06:53 #2. bicicleur. An Indo-European dispersal of V13 subclades would not only explain why E-V13 is present in places like Finland, northwest Russia or Siberia, where Neolithic farmers had a negligible impact, but also why E-V13 is so conspicuously lacking from the Basque country and (central) Sardinia, the two regions of Europe with the highest Neolithic ancestry. ISSN 1476-5438 (online) "E3a" redirects here. A1b1b-M32 has a wide distribution including Khoisan speaking and East African populations, and scattered members on the Arabian Peninsula. [25] Kidzera was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroup L2a1a2c. Variation of female and male lineages in sub-Saharan populations: the importance of sociocultural factors. However, out of 69 Y-DNA samples tested from Neolithic Europe, only two belonged to that haplogroup: one E-M78 from the Sopot culture in Hungary (5000-4800 BCE), another E-M78 (c. 5000 BCE), possibly E-V13, from north-east Spain, and a E-L618 from Zemunica cave near Split in Croatia from 5500 BCE (Fernandes et al., 2016). Ye S, Dhillon S, Ke X, Collins AR, Day IN : An efficient procedure for genotyping single nucleotide polymorphisms. Mol Ecol 2011; 20: 26932708. [69], The supposed "Bantu haplotype" found in E-U175 carriers is "present at appreciable frequencies in other NigerCongo languages speaking peoples as far west as Guinea-Bissau". [c] E-M329 is mostly found in East Africa. In . Underhill PA, Jin L, Lin AA et al. E1B1B1 is of Levant origin, E1B1A is East African. Pakendorf et al7 in a recent review of the contribution made by molecular genetic analysis to the study of EBSP concluded that patrilocality and possibly polygyny may have contributed to NRY, but not mtDNA, association with linguistic affinity. The distribution of haplogroup E1b1a8a1a (defined by U181) with a very recent TMRCA of only 11001638 YBP is very different, however, being restricted to Nigeria and the east side of sub-Saharan Africa (Figure 2). Am J Hum Genet 1999; 65: 829846. That ancestor would have lived about 4,100 years ago, during the Bronze Age. DNA from Congolese samples was extracted using the Gentra protein precipitation method (Gentra Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). [31] 15% (10/69) of Hutus in Rwanda tested positive for M58. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The exact position of V43 and V95 within these three subclades and E1b1a1a1b (M116.2), E1b1a1a1c (M149), and E1b1a1a1d (M155) (2021) indicates that Ramesses III and Unknown Man E, possibly Pentawere, carried haplogroup E1b1a. Distribution of haplogroup E-V13 in Europe, the Middle East & North Africa. E1b1a1a1b is defined by M116.2, a private marker. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd, 2006, pp 679685. The publication transposes M116.2 with M116.1 in Table 1. Google Scholar. [26] West Africans (e.g., Yoruba and Esan of Nigeria), bearing the Benin sickle cell haplotype, may have migrated through the northeastern region of Africa into the western region of Arabia. Jobling MA, Hurles ME, Tyler-Smith C : Human Evolutionary Genetics: Origins. The increase in the rate of identification of slowly mutating NRY binary markers (ie, unique event polymorphisms (UEPs))21, 22, 23 has resulted in many studies designed to investigate the paternally mediated genetic relationships of sub-Saharan African populations. The Bronze Age (ca. In 2002 he was named among the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote. We thank all DNA donors and those assisting in sample collection and Professor Mark Thomas and Dr Krishna Veeramah for their support with typing and helpful comments and suggestions on the manuscript. [25] Fumu was of Sub-Saharan African ancestry and carried haplogroups B2a1a-Y12201 and L3e2b+152. E1b1a and E1b1b are PN2 clade lineages. If it is assumed that an earlier expansion had already taken place, this would be consistent with a subsequent, rapid expansion from West Africa southwards along both the western and eastern routes. A new method for the evaluation of matches in non-recombining genomes: application to Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat (STR) haplotypes in European males. There are at least three distinct sources of E-V13 in Italy. Correspondence to L2a is widespread in Africa and the most common and . M81 has two immediate subclades A5604 and M183 (aka PF2477 or PF2546). The basal E-U175* is extremely rare. Here, to test the hypothesis that . and Ancient East, West and North Germanics had different Y-DNA lineages). (2018) tested the DNA of seven 15,000-year-old modern humans from Taforalt Cave in northeastern Morocco, and all of the six males belonged to haplogroup E-M78. The frequency of E subclades has varied geographically over time due to founder effects in Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age populations, i.e. The YCAII STR marker value of 1919 is also usually indicative of U175. It might be linked to the expansion of the Kura-Araxes culture from the southern Caucasus to Anatolia and Iran. Naser Ansari Pour. Whether these E-M78 samples came with Neolithic farmers from the Near East or were already present among Mesolithic Europeans is unclear at present. Haplotype diversity, h, and its SE were estimated from unbiased formulae of Nei41 and was performed using Arlequin software version 3.0.42 Average squared difference (ASD) in STR allele size between all chromosomes and the presumed ancestral haplotype (assumed to be the modal haplotype), averaged over loci, were estimated using YTIME software,43 and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated as described in Thomas et al44 using the R environment of statistical computing (www.R-project.org). Table 2 contains the six-STR haplotype gene diversities for E1b1a component haplogroups present in all three West, West-Central and East-Central regions. The M81 clade is defined by 150 other mutations beside M81 itself. E1B1A must be the standard for determining whether or not a male is a descendant of the Biblical Israelites. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70: 11971214. Multiple origins of Ashkenazi Levites:Y chromosome evidence for both Near Eastern and European ancestries. Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. R1a Indo-European tribes are associated with the Corded Ware culture, which spanned across Northeast Europe, Scandinavia and the northern half of Central Europe. Within Africa, E-M2 displays a west-to-east as well as a south-to-north clinal distribution. As the EBSP shows a clearer genetic legacy in the paternally inherited genetic system compared with mtDNA (evident from high and similar frequencies of E1b1a) in sub-Saharan Africa,32 it is possible that, as suggested by de Filippo et al,31 fine-scale E1b1a typing of Bantu-speaking communities throughout sub-Saharan Africa may add more structure to the geographic distribution of haplogroups. A single carrier was found in Mali. He is best remembered for being a strong defender of slavery. These are the mutations, "M", or mutation 2 = M2. [6][7][8][9] According to Wood et al. Also downstream of CTS1096, the Y14891 and Z21018 clades are typically found among people of Jewish ancestry, while PF6391 and Z21421 are found in the Levant (Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan) and the Arabian peninsula. Ashkenazi Jews have approximately 20% of E1b1b, which falls mostly under specific clades of E-M123. The story of M81 is very unusual in that it is so young and diversified into a multitude of subclades within just a few centuries. Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA et al. According to the DNA results of a relative, Google co-founder Larry Page (b. In other words, the frequency of the haplogroup decreases as one moves from western and southern Africa toward the eastern and northern parts of Africa.[30]. Perspective pg. Rare deep-rooting Y chromosome lineages in humans: lessons for phylogeography. Proto-Italics would have been a predominantly R1b-U152 tribe, but also carried a minority of E-V13, G2a-L140 (L13, L1264 and Z1816 subclades) and J2a1-L70 (PF5456 and Z2177 subclades).