The most common race/ethnicity and sex grouping at Albert Einstein College of Medicine is white male (68 degrees awarded). His father, Hermann Einstein, was originally a featherbed salesman and later ran an electrochemical factory with moderate success. It was also the first medical school to create a residency program in internal medicine with an emphasis on womens health. were born in the Bronx. 63% are women. Alone, miserable, and repelled by the looming prospect of military duty when he turned 16, Einstein ran away six months later and landed on the doorstep of his surprised parents. 90, has for the past seven years been chosen as the Best Dermatologist in Bergen County, New Jersey, in a reader poll for the Jewish Standard. This would lead to a lifelong fascination with invisible forces. The most common race/ethnicity group of degree recipients at Albert Einstein College of Medicine is white (135 degrees awarded). Today, Dr. Nancy Sussman is fulfilling her lifelong desire to create wheel-thrown pottery. How Albert Einstein Developed the Theory of General Relativity. Sign in or create an account to view Form(s) 990 for 2019 and 2018. Student Wins Lasker Essay Contest, Dr. Benfield Named First Diversity and Inclusion Chief, First Complete Wiring Diagram of a Nervous System, Major NIH Research Awards: Summer/Fall 2019, Meeting Over the Mind: Neurological Surgery, Alberts Puzzler: Adventures in the Bronx, Inspired for Life: Graduates Share Stories, Preparing the Public Health Leaders of Tomorrow, 20 Years After 9/11: Helping First Responders, Mavens of Medicine: Dr. Michael deCastro Cabana, Passionate Pursuits: The Love Language of Food, Passionate Pursuits: The Thrill of the Climb, Physician-Scientists Continue to Tackle COVID-19, Dr. Jonathan Alpert: Ensuring Diversity in Mental Health Research, New Assistant Dean for Integrated Medical Education, Remembering Michael F. Price, Benefactor and Trustee, Students Win AOA Grant for Vaccine Education, Inaugural Associate Dean for Postdoctoral Affairs, Research Teams Secure Life-Science XSeed Awards, Honoring Martin Luther King Jr. Kindness to name just a few. This chart shows the sex split between each academic rank present at Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Projects include an original research paper, basic science review, formal systematic review, case report or paper based on a bioethical issue in medicine, and an educational evaluation. After nearly three decades of service to the institute, he stepped down to become the director of Cure and Beyond, a program for childhood cancer survivors at the Joseph M. Sanzari Childrens Hospital, Hackensack Meridian Health, and to serve as a professor of pediatrics at both the Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine at Seton Hall University and Rutgers New Jersey Medical School. During this time, they also interact with patients, learn how to communicate successfully, acquire basic physical examination and diagnostic skills, develop a foundation of knowledge in medical ethics, and learn about the effects of psychosocial and cultural factors on patient behavior. University of Pennsylvania, the University of Virginia, and Yeshiva University. Talmud became an informal tutor, introducing Einstein to higher mathematics and philosophy. 96, Alberts Puzzler: It Was 20 Years Ago Today, Einstein Editions: Age Later and High Risk, Einstein Image: Watching Actin Polymerize, A Look Back: Checking Out the Library at 60, Passionate Pursuits: A Plant Kingdom of Bronx Beauties, Mavens of Medicine: Q&A With Dr. Yaron Tomer. Along with his equation E = mc2, it also foreshadowed the creation of the atomic bomb. Employees are more likely to feel comfortable and happy in an environment where inclusivity is a priority and where people of all backgrounds feel confident in their ability and achieve their best. 18, married Jonathan Jono White Peters Jr. this past summer. Einstein reaches out to students in the Bronx and beyond - particularly to students from underrepresented minorities - with a variety of programs designed to motivate these students in pursuing careers in Medicine, building self-confidence, advancing their leadership skills and fostering mentor relationships. The enrolled student population at Albert Einstein College of Medicine is 46.9% White, 23.9% Asian, 10.7% Hispanic or Latino, 5.53% Black or African American, 3.82% Two or More Races, 0.0954% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islanders, and 0.0954% American Indian or Alaska Native. She and her husband of 36 years have four children, three grandchildren, and one grandchild on the way. 59, has received the 2019 Alumnus Humanitarian Award from the School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester. A pivotal turning point occurred when Einstein was 16 years old. ). This means that 99.1% of students enrolled at Albert Einstein College of Medicine are enrolled full-time compared with 66.2% at similar . WebAlbert Einstein College of Medicine alumni from the classes that graduated in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s report on life events. 21 are WebBachelor of Science - BSc Biochemistry Second Class Upper. In 1921 he won the Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery of the photoelectric effect. The Ph.D. program trains promising and passionate students to become the next generation of leading scientists. Still, most things we looked at did not change during space travel, Dr. Garrett-Bakelman says. Francine Garrett-Bakelman, M.D./Ph.D. The open and supportive community at Einstein allows for innovation and for pushing the boundaries of what is known and what is practiced. 88, began his new position as the head of anesthesiology at Southside Hospital in Bay Shore, New York, part of Northwell Health, in January. It helped to develop the field of bioethics as an accepted academic discipline and was the first private medical school in New York City to establish an academic department of family medicine. Once youre ready to make your application, please click on Application Procedure. We linked a child's abnormal breathing during sleep with behavioral, emotional and relationship troubles; discovered that slow walking speed plus memory complaints are predictors of dementia; created a prototype vaccine against tuberculosis that works better in animal models than the current TB vaccine; and discovered "longevity genes" in humans. Already have a GuideStar Account? 91 (50%) Our interdisciplinary graduate curriculum is known for its high level of personalized mentoring and remarkable student achievement. Department of Microbiology & Immunology Seminar Series, Forchheimer Medical Science Building 3rd FLoor Lecture Hall, OB/GYN Grand Rounds - 1) "Role of Pannexin 1 Channels in the Pathophysiology of Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome Induced in an Animal Model of Stress" 2) The Absence of Pannexin 1 Channels Attenuates Early Effects of Diabetes on the Mouse Bladder", Biochemistry Seminar: Leveraging Genetic Approaches to Tackle the Global Spread of Drug-Resistant Malaria, Forchheimer Medical Science Building 3rd Floor Lecture Hall & Zoom https://einsteinmed.zoom.us/j/93034480029, Joint Pediatric Dermatology Grand Rounds "Paradigm Shifts in Pediatric Dermatology, Montefiore Medical Center Cherkasky Auditorium, Einstein Researchers Discover How Long-Lasting Memories Form in the Brain, A Novel Strategy For Treating Relapsed Blood Cancer, Why Do Children Develop Type 2 Diabetes? Message From the Alumni Association President: Janina Galler, M.D. Beavers Running, Recovered Medical Equipment for the Developing World (REMEDY), He is also known for his discovery of the photoelectric effect, for which he won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921. Now home to one of the nations largest medical education programs, the Albert Einstein College of Medicine opened in 1955. 06, recently opened an interventional cardiology practice in Elmwood Park, New Jersey, expanding Columbia University Irving Medical Centers presence. Alfred Spiro, M.D., age 88, professor emeritus, the Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology (pediatric), and director of Einsteins Muscular Dystrophy Association Muscle Disease Clinic for more than 30 years, April 17, 2019, Scarsdale, New York. Unlock entering class stats including MCAT, (Read Einsteins 1926 Britannica essay on space-time.). Terms and Conditions The return on its endowment was of $63.4M (19%), compared to the 0.165% average return ($13.7k on $8.3M) across all . The most common Bachelor's Degree concentration at Albert Einstein College of Medicine is N/A, followed by N/A and N/A. Work for Kaplan CA Privacy Policy In 1903 Einstein married Milena Maric, a Serbian physics student whom he had met at school in Zrich. The first was his encounter with a compass at age five. Dr. Shivack became involved in resident training at the University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, teaching a course in psychopharmacology and providing resident supervision at the University Medical Center and its Veterans Affairs Hospital affiliate. Or if they did change, they later returned to their preflight state, suggesting that human health can mostly be sustained over a longer spaceflight, which is reassuring., Dr. Garrett-Bakelman, a physician-scientist who runs a cancer research lab concentrating on acute myeloid leukemia, says she hopes the NASA study forms the basis for many more to come.. Were covering everything you need to know as you consider applying to the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. This represents a N/A of N/A with respect to N/A, when N/A% of undergraduate students received financial aid. She also has been awarded the Jefferson Science Fellowship from the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine, and is the Stephany W. Holloway Endowed University Chair for HIV Research at the University of Florida College of Medicine. California, the University of Michigan, the University of Minnesota, the Our investment in research has translated into improved human health. Faculty. Officers, directors, trustees, and key employees, Analyze a variety of pre-calculated financial metrics, Access beautifully interactive analysis and comparison tools, Compare nonprofit financials to similar organizations, Revenue and expense data for the current fiscal year, CEO, Board Chair, and Board of Directors information, *with the ability to download the data for 2020, 2019. 74, lives on Manhattans Upper West Side and maintains a private psychiatry practice for the treatment of adults and children. Today, he says, he is enjoying the delights of retirement. His focus is on complex coronary and peripheral arterial disease. His research spanned from quantum mechanics to theories about gravity and motion. There are 19 states represented, and 19% of the students in the class were born outside of the United States. Our namesake, Albert Einstein, desired that a medical school bearing his name "welcome students of all races and creeds," and, since its inception, the College of Medicine has been committed to enrolling medical students who are racially, ethnically, and socio-economically diverse. Help us get you more of the nonprofit information you need, including: An email has been sent to the address you provided. University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine Requirements, Tuition, and University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Requirements, Tuition, and Mo All About theAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Albert Einstein Collegeof Medicine Curriculum, How the Albert Einstein College of Medicine has Made an Impact, Notable Programs at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Enrollment, Tuition, Acceptance, Deadlines, and more, TopAlbert Einstein College of MedicineResidency Program Match Rates and Locations. IPEDS uses the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) standard, so the categories may not match the exact concentrations offered by Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Building upon their decades-old partnership, Einstein and Montefiore are furthering the shared core missions of research excellence, outstanding medical education and improved human health. Medical Education: Albert Einstein College of Medicine is the University Hospital for Montefiore Health serving the 3.1 million people living in the New York City region and the Hudson Valley. are women. Top Admissions Consulting MD/PhD Medical Schooling Guides Medicament Pre-Medicine. 16% self-described as identifying with groups underrepresented N/A% of undergraduate students at Albert Einstein College of Medicine received financial aid through grants or loans in N/A. Hood Women's Health, Visiting Nurse Service of New York, Einstein developed a theory of special and general relativity, which helped to complicate and expand upon theories that had been put forth by Isaac Newton over 200 years prior. In 2020, 11 more women than men received degrees from Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Corrections? He met many students who would become loyal friends, such as Marcel Grossmann, a mathematician, and Besso, with whom he enjoyed lengthy conversations about space and time. The Global Health Center boasts many initiatives worldwide, including clinical and research programs in Argentina, Brazil, Burundi, Cameroon, China, Congo, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Haiti, India, Kenya, Malawi, Mexico, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Uganda and Vietnam. Yet another important influence on Einstein was a young medical student, Max Talmud (later Max Talmey), who often had dinner at the Einstein home. Register now. There Talmud had earlier introduced him to a childrens science series by Aaron Bernstein, Naturwissenschaftliche Volksbucher (186768; Popular Books on Physical Science), in which the author imagined riding alongside electricity that was traveling inside a telegraph wire. Albert Einstein College of Medicine has a total enrollment of 1,048 students. Dr. Reiss retired from his radiology practice at age 56 to pursue musical goals; he is a classical pianist. The second wonder came at age 12 when he discovered a book of geometry, which he devoured, calling it his sacred little geometry book.. Comparatively, N/A% of undergraduate students received financial aid through loans. Montefiore Einstein has announced that an anonymous donor is making a major gift to Einstein, which will directly support biomedical research and students. Were covering everything you need to know as you consider applying to the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Laurence J. Marton, M.D. 92, Continued Connection: Bradley Somer M.D. The Albert Einstein College of Medicine has an educational mission to prepare its students for careers as well-rounded, compassionate physicians who are able to exercise critical thinking skills and contribute to future bodies of research. Randall S. Smith, M.D. Dr. Zalvan, from ENT and Allergy Associates, serves as the medical director for the Institute for Voice and Swallowing Disorders at Phelps Hospital in Sleepy Hollow, New York, and professor of otolaryngology at New York Medical College, Valhalla. 8% are M.D./Ph.D. WebProfile of the Class of 2026 There are 183 students in the first-year class. Almost 40% have a non-science major; at least 25% are musicians, vocalists, or dancers; and 22 are certified EMTs (emergency medical technicians). Heritage, Upchieve, North Korean English Exchange, There were 9,773 applicants to the College, Approximately 1200 applicants were interviewed, 30 students were born outside the United States. A number of scholarships not based on financial need are also awarded by the admissions office every year. Michael A. Grodin, M.D. Charles B Wang Community Health Center, Humane Society, Caribbean American His wife, Brenda, works with the clinical skills program at the School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, and consults at local hospitals in the area. Want to see how you can enhance your nonprofit research and unlock more insights? Einsteins Womens Networking Group hosted a half-day event in February featuring speakers and workshops focused on building better balance. This is compared to a NaNM% growth from N/A and a NaNM% growth from N/A. Dr. Grodin says that his experience working with Holocaust survivors at Einstein sparked his interest in resiliency and survivorship. Einstein was left at a boardinghouse in Munich and expected to finish his education. 59, age 85, psychiatrist, member of Einsteins first graduating class, Dec. 29, 2018, Chevy Chase, Maryland. The Albert Einstein College of Medicine is one of just four sites in the U.S. taking part in a large-scale study on the health status of the LatinX community in the Bronxan initiative supported by the NIH. 84 colleges are represented. After she completed her third year at Einstein, the two were engaged, and they married two years later in Riverside, Connecticut. Match locations included Barnes Jewish Hospital (St. Louis, Missouri), Case Western Reserve University (Cleveland, Ohio), Johns Hopkins (Baltimore, Maryland), NYU School of Medicine (New York City), George Washington University (Washington, D.C.), and the Mayo Clinic (Rochester, Minnesota), among others. Since than, more than 9,000 Einstein alumni are among the nation's foremost clinicians, biomedical scientists and medical educators. program prepares tomorrow's physicians to excel in both the science and the art of medicine by combining the pursuit of scientific excellence with compassionate and humanistic care and the social mission to improve the human health through engagement in our local, national and global communities. After suffering an abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture several days before, Albert Einstein died on April 18, 1955, at age 76. Dr. Harris and his wife, Freida, married the year he graduated from Einstein and now, 50 years later, they have four wonderful children and 11 grandchildrenall of whom remind him daily that he is just an ordinary guy who graduated from Einstein, got married, had great children and grandchildren and, luckily, found a job [he] love[s].. Einstein is generally considered the most influential physicist of the 20th century. The median for similar is 594k (12.7% of overall expenditures). Postdocs The most common race/ethnicity group of degree recipients was white (135 degrees), 1.99 times more than then the next closest race/ethnicity group, asian (68 degrees). WebIn all, 226 College of Medicine students matched with residency programs to move toward that next stage: U.S. Allopathic Seniors: 93.7% national match rate Drexel University College of Medicine Class of 2023: 95% After SOAP we matched 100% of our seniors Entering primary care specialty: 36.2% 2023 Residency Match by State Pennsylvania - 72 Pennsylvania Democratic Party, Students for Equity and Reform in Virginia Cohort default rates only account for borrowers who default in the first three years, and some schools only have a small proportion of borrowers entering repayment. This chart shows the retention rate over time at Albert Einstein College of Medicine (highlighted in red) compares to similar universities. The retention rate for full-time undergraduates at Albert Einstein College of Medicine was N/A%. Test Scores and High School GPA for Albert Einstein College of Medicine See Other Colleges. She and Dr. Reiss celebrated their 60th wedding anniversary this past June. 72 have a bachelor of arts, 108 have a The average Showing demographic groups with 5 graduating students. He has been married for 51 wonderful years to Ellen Frank Lightman. 2022 Albert Einstein College of Medicine |. As a member of the Einstein family and as a person, I am committed to promoting diversity. All students are encouraged to submit the Federal Application for Student Aid (FAFSA) by the required deadline in order to be considered for need-based awards and loans. We educate our students to be catalysts for social change. Dr. Green lives in Teaneck, New Jersey, with his wife and children. (He was stateless until 1901, when he was granted Swiss citizenship.) Ian M. Shivack, M.D. The median undergraduate tuition at Albert Einstein College of Medicine is $0, which is $11,562 less than the national average for ($11,563). The small bar chart below shows the endowment quintiles for all universities in the Not applicable, not in Carnegie universe (not accredited or nondegree-granting) Carnegie Classification grouping. Albert Einstein College of Medicine is a private college located in The Bronx, New York in the New York City Area. Bread Head California, Flatlands Reformed Church Food Drive/Pantry, (Wintelers daughter, Marie, was Einsteins first love; Einsteins sister, Maja, would eventually marry Wintelers son Paul; and his close friend Michele Besso would marry their eldest daughter, Anna.). Baffling Type of Diabetes Linked to Malnutrition, Deep-Brain Stimulation for Traumatic Brain Injury, Major NIH Research Awards: Summer/Fall 2022, Mavens of Medicine: Dr. Michael Prystowsky, Major NIH Research Awards: Winter/Spring 2022, Predicting Patients Response to Heart-Failure Therapy, Lupus Discovery May Result in Promising Therapy, New Treatment Strategy May Lead to HIV Cure, COVID-19 Vaccines Work for Cancer Patients, Experimental Drug Shows Potential Against Alzheimers, Microbial Diversity May Affect Lung Cancer Risk in Nonsmokers, Detecting Neural Activity in Near-Infrared Light, Bolstering the Health of Blood Stem Cells, $111 Million Awarded to Study HIV-Related Cancers, Major NIH Research Awards: Summer/Fall 2020, Pandemic Raises NYC Cardiac Arrests and Deaths, Firefighter Heart Disease Linked to WTC Exposure, Bolstering Biopsies: Testing Single Cells in Lupus Patients, Novel Therapy for Acute Migraine Shows Promise, Major NIH Research Awards: WInter/Spring 2020, Promising Treatment for Cancer-Caused Anemia, 3 Major Grants to Fight Colorectal Cancer, Depression Linked to Poor Diabetes Self-Management, Novel Combination Therapy Speeds Wound Healing, Immunotherapy Combats Metastatic Lung Cancer, Einstein Researchers Contribute to Promising Ebola Treatment, Soccer Heading Worse for Womens Brains Than for Mens, Gut Microbiome May Turn Chemo Drug Against Patients, Major NIH Research Awards in Fiscal Year 2018, $25 Million NIH Grant for Clinical and Translational Research, Remembering Einstein Board Chair Roger Einiger, Message From the Chief Philanthropy Officer, New Blood Cancer Institute to Lead Search for Cures, Guiding Elderly Survivors of the Holocaust, In Fleischers Footsteps: New Diabetes Institute, Targeting a Surprisingly Common Cause of Cancer, Pediatric Patients Use Virtual Reality to Find Real Comfort, A Message from the Alumni Association President, Mental Health Care Comes to the Heart of Campus. Einstein is a special place where the learning of both the art and the science of medicine occurs in a friendly, non-threatening environment. to get more GuideStar Nonprofit Profile data today! Doris Jane Wolf Escher, M.D., age 101, founder and first director of Montefiores Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory and professor, department of medicine (cardiology), April 3, 2019, Larchmont, New York. Einstein also wrote his first scientific paper at that time (The Investigation of the State of Aether in Magnetic Fields). I hope that the College becomes the standard for diversity and inclusion in New York. 9,785 individuals applied for Additionally, he is chair of a scientific advisory board, is an adviser to both Ciitizen and the Precision Medicine World Conference, and serves on the editorial board of The Journal of Precision Medicine. (Don't see an email in your inbox? Dr. Tubridy-Peters and her husband met while she was studying at Georgetown University. Their son, Craig, is a violinist with both the San Francisco Opera and San Francisco Ballet orchestras. By comparison, enrollment for all is 37.7% White, 24.8% Hispanic or Latino, and 18.6% Black or African American. are 183 students in the first-year class. These rates should be interpreted with caution, as they may not be reflective of the entire school population. Learn More The Albert Einstein College of Medicine offers the following graduate degree programs: The Albert Einstein College of Medicine received $172 million in funding from the National Institute of Health (NIH) and published over 3,200 papers in peer-reviewed journals in 2018. After publishing some groundbreaking papers, Einstein toured the world and gave speeches about his discoveries. About. Brothers Big Sisters (BBBS) of Massachusetts Bay, Marine Toys for Tots, Greater For many women in science, juggling their professional and personal lives is a challenge. [ RELATED:MCAT Prep Courses Near New York, NY]. Chester Martin Berschling, M.D. For their final two years, students learn how to apply the biomedical science knowledge and clinical skills they have gained in both inpatient and outpatient settings. and who do the programs serve? WebAlbert Einstein College of Medicine Site director, Introduction to Clinical Medicine Physical Examination 1/2015 6/2016 module, 2nd year medical students, coordinating 10 weekly sessions/year, 36 students/year with attending preceptors, teaching history and examination of hospitalized patients; 2 groups done. Whether studying to become physicians or researchers, they demonstrate a tremendous depth of caring for and dedication to the healing of humanity. about GuideStar Pro. In 2020, Albert Einstein College of Medicine paid a median of $185M in salaries, which represents 41.8% of their overall expenditure ($442M) and a 5.34% growth from the previous year. Trademark Directory. His marks showed that he excelled in mathematics and physics, but he failed at French, chemistry, and biology. His parents realized the enormous problems that he faced as a school dropout and draft dodger with no employable skills. This chart displays the sex disparity between the top 5 majors at Albert Einstein College of Medicine by degrees awarded. The endowment of Albert Einstein College of Medicine grew 11.4% from the previous year. WebAfter finishing medical school, Einstein students at some of the most prestigious healthcare facilities in the U.S. across a wide range of specialties, including: Internal Medicine: 23% 69, currently works part time, concentrating on opioid-dependence treatment using buprenorphine and naloxone (Suboxone). He was mystified that invisible forces could deflect the needle. Peter D. Lowitt, M.D. Throughout his career, Dr. Harris says, he has had the privilege of treating many courageous children; they have, he adds, taught me the importance of living each day to the fullest. He says his proudest accomplishment is his family. Our Ph.D. program has more than 1,500 graduates employed in a wide range of scientific careers, both in academic and in nonacademic settings worldwide. Over the past 60 years, Einstein has become a premier biomedical research institution in this region of New York City, with its scientific enterprise ranked consistently in the top 25 percent of medical schools receiving NIH funding in the last decade. Haitian-American Community Coalition, Inc. (HCC), La Clinica Esperanza, Big Immunotherapy: Todays Great Hope Against Cancer, Spotlight: Simulated Eye Surgery Equals Real Learning, Continued Connection: Jose Ortiz Jr., M.D. What one word or phrase best describes your school? ScribeAmerica, St. Mary's Health Clinics and Philips Neighborhood Clinic, Our graduates also enter research programs focusing on a broad range of subjects, from traditional disease-oriented investigations in cancer, diabetes and infectious diseases to public health and global medicine. Richard I. Hansen, M.D. He lives in Bay Shore with his wife, four daughters, three grandchildren, and three dogs. 2002 - 2006. WebMontefiore Health System is the University Hospital for Albert Einstein College of Medicine, serving the 3.1 million people living in the New York City region and the have volunteered with myriad organizations. To name just a few: Mentoring Einstein strengthened its ability to thrive as a premier academic institution in 2015 by joining Montefiore Medicine. This chart compares the average award discount at Albert Einstein College of Medicine (in red) with that of other similar universities. on Wheels, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Rhode Island Free Clinic, In 1987, Dr. Harris became the founding director of the division of pediatric hematology-oncology at the Childrens Cancer Institute (formerly the Hackensack University Medical Center). 69, became a hematologist and radiologist, respectively. Mark David Reiss, M.D. Average net price is calculated from full-time beginning undergraduate students who were awarded a grant or scholarship from federal, state or local governments, or the institution.